What is SUMOylation pathway?
The process of activating and attaching a SUMO to substrates results in the formation of an isopeptide bond between the carboxy-terminal carboxyl group of the SUMO and an ε-amino group of a substrate acceptor Lys residue1–4.
What is SUMOylation and how does it affect newly synthesized proteins?
SUMOylation initiates binding to proteins containing SUMO-interaction motifs, often in multivalent arrays, and the resultant extended complexes form phase-separated protein condensates, such as the PML nuclear body.
What is the role of SUMOylation?
SUMOylation, as a post-translational modification, plays essential roles in various biological functions including cell growth, migration, cellular responses to stress and tumorigenesis. The imbalance of SUMOylation and deSUMOylation has been associated with the occurrence and progression of various diseases.
Who discovered SUMOylation?
The initial step of the cascade involves the ATP-dependent activation of SUMO, and this step is catalyzed by the SAE1/UBA2 heterodimer, which was also discovered by the laboratories of Ronald Hay and Günter Blobel (Fig. 1) [[32, 39, 40]].
Where does SUMOylation occur in the cell?
SUMOylation is reversible and is removed from targets by specific SUMO proteases. In budding yeast, the Ulp1 SUMO protease is found bound at the nuclear pore, whereas Ulp2 is nucleoplasmic. The distinct subnuclear localisation of deSUMOylating enzymes is conserved in higher eukaryotes.
What is the role of ubiquitin?
The ubiquitin (Ub) system plays a pivotal role in protein homeostasis by regulating the turnover of proteins important in a plethora of regulatory pathways such as DNA damage and repair, cell cycle progression, apoptosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis, and signal transduction.
Is ubiquitination post-translational modification?
Ubiquitination is an essential post-translational protein modification mediated by the ubiquitin (Ub)-conjugating system, which is composed of a Ub-activating enzyme, E1, Ub-conjugating enzyme, E2, and Ub ligase, E3 (Hershko and Ciechanover, 1998).