What is an APD left eye?
June 15, 2020. Relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD or APD): RAPD is a condition in which the left and right pupils respond differently to a bright light stimulus (shown in one eye at a time) due to unilateral or asymmetrical disease of the retina or optic nerve.
What is the difference between afferent and efferent pupillary defect?
Pupils: if the parasympathetic pathway for pupillary constriction is normal (efferent pathway), a decreased direct light reflex indicates anterior visual pathway (afferent pathway) disease. In other words a slowed or absent pupil response points to a disorder of the retina, optic nerve, chiasm, or anterior optic tract.
What does an RAPD look like?
The physiological basis of the RAPD test is that, in healthy eyes, the reaction of the pupils in the right and left eyes are linked. In other words, a bright light shone into one eye leads to an equal constriction of both pupils. When the light source is taken away, the pupils of both eyes enlarge equally.
What does unilateral pupillary response mean?
A unilateral fixed dilated pupil suggests injury or compression of the third cranial nerve and the upper brain stem. Fixed and dilated pupils in comatose patients indicate a poor prognosis, especially when present bilaterally.
What causes an afferent pupillary defect?
Relative Afferent Pupillary Defect (RAPD, Marcus Gunn Pupil) It is due to damage inoptic nerve or severe retinal disease. It is important to be able to differentiate whether a patient is complaining of decreased vision from an ocular problem such as cataract or from a defect of the optic nerve.
How do you find APD?
Most commonly, the presence of an APD is evaluated in office using the swinging flashlight test, in which each pupil is illuminated and the velocity and amplitude of the pupillary response is compared. In a healthy patient, light stimulation into one pupil results in equal constriction of both.
What is the meaning of afferent and efferent?
Afferent neurons carry information from sensory receptors of the skin and other organs to the central nervous system (i.e., brain and spinal cord), whereas efferent neurons carry motor information away from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands of the body.
How do you test for afferent pupillary defect?
In a normal patient without afferent pupillary disease, shining a light in either eye will produce constriction of both eyes equally. In the case of an afferent pupillary pathway lesion, the light response is tested individually in each eye and then the light swings between the two eyes in order to detect an RAPD.
What is ipsilateral pupil?
Patients were included if they showed at least one dilated pupil (>5 mm) not reactive to bright light. The term “ipsilateral” refers to the side of the intracranial lesion as documented by CT, and “contralateral” vice versa in bilateral FDPs.
What does it mean when one pupil is dilated?
Benign Episodic Unilateral Mydriasis This condition means only one pupil is dilated. It’s called “benign” because it’s not related to any serious conditions, but it can sometimes affect young women who get migraines. The pupil usually goes back to normal size within a few hours, but it can last for several days.
What happens if the left optic nerve is damaged?
Your optic nerves are vital to your eyesight. Damage to these nerves can lead to temporary or permanent vision loss. Glaucoma is the most common optic nerve disorder. If left untreated, optic nerve damage can lead to blindness.
What does unequal pupil size mean?
Unequal pupil sizes of more than 1 mm that develop later in life and do not return to equal size may be a sign of an eye, brain, blood vessel, or nerve disease.
Why are my pupils not responding to light?
When did you (or your friend or family member) first notice your pupil symptoms?
Which cranial nerve is responsible for pupillary constriction?
– Pupil dilation and loss of reactivity to light (inability of the pupil to constrict to light) – Inability to follow and object in direction of CN III (the quickest test is to observe upward gaze which is all CN III; the eye on the affected side does – Inability to open the eyelid.
What causes unilateral dilated pupils?
Medications
What does sluggish pupil reaction mean?
Teachers often write brilliant things about their pupils, but it is very seldom that Time and trouble mean whether you get into college or not, and I want you all to get into college.